Labour costs by socio-economic characteristics of employees and self-employed persons, 2023
Last year 1.6% more employees and self-employed, labour costs up by over a tenth
The average labour costs for employees and self-employed together in 2023 amounted to EUR 2,854 per month and increased by 9.8% compared to the previous year. Total employment increased by 1.6% and the total labour costs by 11.7%.
Average labour costs for employees higher in almost all activities
In 2023, the number of employees increased by 1.2% or 10,107 (in 2022, it went up by 2.6%). The number of employees increased the most in manufacture of other transport equipment (by 18.3%), followed by rental and leasing activities (by 12.9%), computer programming and information service activities (by 9.2%) and travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities (by 8.3%). On the other hand, it dropped the most in manufacture of leather products (by 10.2%), followed by manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (by 6.0%) and manufacture of paper and paper products (by 5.0%).
The average labour costs for employees were higher in all activities except one. They increased the most in manufacture of beverages (by 16.8%), followed by manufacture of textiles (by 16.8%), travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities (by 16.4%), and air transport (by 14.7%). They decreased only in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (by 3.1%).
Self-employment up by 3.6%, their estimated labour costs up by 17.9%
The number of self-employed persons increased by 3.6% or 7,641 persons (in 2022 it went up by 4.3%). It increased the most in administrative and support service activities (together on average by 9.0%), followed by professional, scientific and technical activities (by 8.5%). On the other hand, it went down in agriculture, forestry and fishing (by 1.0%).
The majority of self-employed persons do not receive earnings, but generate income on the basis of the labour or capital input (in national accounts this income is mixed income). In 2023, the self-employed generated EUR 4,468 million of mixed income (2.4% more than the previous year), while their labour costs were estimated at EUR 4,966 million (17.9% more than the previous year).
The structure of self-employed by activity remained similar to the one in the previous year.
Differences in labour costs between different socio-economic groups of employees did not decrease notably
The studied characteristics that impact differences in labour costs are gender, age, educational attainment and activity. Educational attainment is a characteristic with the largest impact on labour costs differences. In 2023, average labour costs for employees with basic education or less were 55.0% and for employees with upper secondary education 66.9% of labour costs for employees with tertiary education. Compared to 2022, the difference in labour costs decreased by 0.8 of a percentage point for employees with basic education or less and by 0.7 of a percentage point for employees with upper secondary education, while total difference in labour costs by education decreased.
The labour costs for women were on average 4.6% lower than the labour costs for men; compared to 2022, the gap between labour costs for men and women decreased by 0.7 of a percentage point.
The labour costs for the younger employees (15–29 years) were on average 18.3% lower than the labour costs for older employees (50 years and more), while the labour costs for the middle-aged employees (30–49 years) were on average 3.5% lower than the labour costs for older employees. Compared to 2022, the difference in labour costs increased for both younger employees and middle-aged employees by 1.1 percentage points, and 0.2 of a percentage point, respectively.
Due to a benchmark revision, which is carried out by EU Member States in the same year every five years, the data were revised in the entire time series.
Tables with the latest data are available in the SiStat Database.
In 2023, the number of employees increased by 1.2% or 10,107 (in 2022, it went up by 2.6%). The number of employees increased the most in manufacture of other transport equipment (by 18.3%), followed by rental and leasing activities (by 12.9%), computer programming and information service activities (by 9.2%) and travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities (by 8.3%). On the other hand, it dropped the most in manufacture of leather products (by 10.2%), followed by manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (by 6.0%) and manufacture of paper and paper products (by 5.0%).
The average labour costs for employees were higher in all activities except one. They increased the most in manufacture of beverages (by 16.8%), followed by manufacture of textiles (by 16.8%), travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities (by 16.4%), and air transport (by 14.7%). They decreased only in manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (by 3.1%).
Self-employment up by 3.6%, their estimated labour costs up by 17.9%
The number of self-employed persons increased by 3.6% or 7,641 persons (in 2022 it went up by 4.3%). It increased the most in administrative and support service activities (together on average by 9.0%), followed by professional, scientific and technical activities (by 8.5%). On the other hand, it went down in agriculture, forestry and fishing (by 1.0%).
The majority of self-employed persons do not receive earnings, but generate income on the basis of the labour or capital input (in national accounts this income is mixed income). In 2023, the self-employed generated EUR 4,468 million of mixed income (2.4% more than the previous year), while their labour costs were estimated at EUR 4,966 million (17.9% more than the previous year).
The structure of self-employed by activity remained similar to the one in the previous year.
Differences in labour costs between different socio-economic groups of employees did not decrease notably
The studied characteristics that impact differences in labour costs are gender, age, educational attainment and activity. Educational attainment is a characteristic with the largest impact on labour costs differences. In 2023, average labour costs for employees with basic education or less were 55.0% and for employees with upper secondary education 66.9% of labour costs for employees with tertiary education. Compared to 2022, the difference in labour costs decreased by 0.8 of a percentage point for employees with basic education or less and by 0.7 of a percentage point for employees with upper secondary education, while total difference in labour costs by education decreased.
The labour costs for women were on average 4.6% lower than the labour costs for men; compared to 2022, the gap between labour costs for men and women decreased by 0.7 of a percentage point.
The labour costs for the younger employees (15–29 years) were on average 18.3% lower than the labour costs for older employees (50 years and more), while the labour costs for the middle-aged employees (30–49 years) were on average 3.5% lower than the labour costs for older employees. Compared to 2022, the difference in labour costs increased for both younger employees and middle-aged employees by 1.1 percentage points, and 0.2 of a percentage point, respectively.
Due to a benchmark revision, which is carried out by EU Member States in the same year every five years, the data were revised in the entire time series.
Tables with the latest data are available in the SiStat Database.
Average labour costs of employees by educational attainment and activities , Slovenia, 2023
Growth of number of employees by educational attainment and sections of activities, Slovenia, 2023
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METODOLOŠKO OPOZORILO
Additional explanations are available in the methodological explanations.
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Več: Avtorske pravice.
